package cn.ycc1.baseset.basics.strings;

/**
 * String Builders
 * @author ycc
 * @date 2025/3/5
 *
 * 1. The StringBuilder Class
 * String objects are like StringBuilder objects, except that they can be modified. Internally, these objects are treated
 * like variable-length arrays that contain a sequence of characters. At any point, the length and content of the sequence
 * can be changed through method invocations.
 *
 * Strings should always be used unless string builders offer an advantage in terms of simpler code (see the sample program
 * at the end of this section) or better performance. Prior to Java SE 9, if you need to concatenate a large number of strings,
 * appending to a StringBuilder object may be more efficient. String concatenation has been optimized in Java SE 9,
 * making concatenation more efficient than StringBuilder appending.
 *
 * 2. Length and Capacity
 * The StringBuilder class, like the String class, has a length() method that returns the length of the character sequence in the builder.
 *
 * Unlike strings, every string builder also has a capacity, the number of character spaces that have been allocated. The capacity, which is returned by the capacity() method, is always greater than or equal to the length (usually greater than) and will automatically expand as necessary to accommodate additions to the string builder.
 *
 * You can use the following constructors of the StringBuilder class:
 *
 * StringBuilder(): Creates an empty string builder with a capacity of 16 (16 empty elements).
 * StringBuilder(CharSequence cs): Constructs a string builder containing the same characters as the specified CharSequence, plus an extra 16 empty elements trailing the CharSequence.
 * StringBuilder(int initCapacity): Creates an empty string builder with the specified initial capacity.
 * StringBuilder(String s): Creates a string builder whose value is initialized by the specified string, plus an extra 16 empty elements trailing the string.
 * For example, the following code
 *
 * // creates empty builder, capacity 16
 * StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 * // adds 9 character string at beginning
 * sb.append("Greetings");
 * will produce a string builder with a length of 9 and a capacity of 16:
 * The StringBuilder class has some methods related to length and capacity that the String class does not have:
 *
 * void setLength(int newLength): Sets the length of the character sequence. If newLength is less than length(),
 * the last characters in the character sequence are truncated. If newLength is greater than length(),
 * null characters are added at the end of the character sequence.
 * void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity): Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.
 * A number of operations (for example, append(), insert(), or setLength() can increase the length of the character sequence
 * in the string builder so that the resultant length() would be greater than the current capacity(). When this happens,
 * the capacity is automatically increased.
 *
 * 3. StringBuilder Operations
 * The principal operations on a StringBuilder that are not available in String are the append() and insert() methods,
 * which are overloaded so as to accept data of any type. Each converts its argument to a string and then appends or inserts
 * the characters of that string to the character sequence in the string builder. The append method always adds these
 * characters at the end of the existing character sequence, while the insert method adds the characters at a specified point.
 *
 * Here are a number of the methods of the StringBuilder class.
 *
 * You can append any primitive type or object to a string builder with an append() method. The data is converted to a string
 * before the append operation takes place.
 * The delete(int start, int end) method deletes the subsequence from start to end - 1 (inclusive) in the StringBuilder's char sequence.
 * You can delete the char at index index with the method deleteCharAt(int index).
 * You can insert any primitive type or object at the given offset with one of the insert(int offset) methods.
 * These methods take the element to be inserted as a second argument. The data is converted to a string before the insert
 * operation takes place.
 * You can replace characters with the methods replace(int start, int end, String s) and setCharAt(int index, char c).
 * You can reverse the sequence of characters in this string builder with the reverse() method.
 * You can return a string that contains the character sequence in the builder with the toString() method.
 * Note: You can use any String method on a StringBuilder object by first converting the string builder to a string with the
 * toString() method of the StringBuilder class. Then convert the string back into a string builder using the
 * StringBuilder(String string) constructor.
 */
public class StringBuilders {

    /**
     * 4. StringBuilder in Action
     * The StringDemo program that was listed in the section titled "Strings" is an example of a program that would be more efficient if a StringBuilder were used instead of a String.
     *
     * StringDemo reversed a palindrome. Here, once again, is its listing:
     *
     * Running the program produces this output:
     *
     * doT saw I was toD
     * To accomplish the string reversal, the program converts the string to an array of characters (first for loop),
     * reverses the array into a second array (second for loop), and then converts back to a string.
     *
     * If you convert the palindrome string to a string builder, you can use the reverse() method in the StringBuilder class.
     * It makes the code simpler and easier to read:
     *
     * public class StringBuilderDemo {
     *     public static void main(String[] args) {
     *         String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
     *
     *         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(palindrome);
     *
     *         sb.reverse();  // reverse it
     *
     *         System.out.println(sb);
     *     }
     * }
     * Running this program produces the same output:
     *
     * doT saw I was toD
     * Note that println() prints a string builder, as in:
     *
     * System.out.println(sb);
     * because sb.toString() is called implicitly, as it is with any other object in a println invocation.
     *
     * Note: There is also a StringBuffer class that is exactly the same as the StringBuilder class, except that it is
     * thread-safe by virtue of having its methods synchronized. Unless you absolutely need a thread-safe class,
     * you do not need to use StringBuffer.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
        int len = palindrome.length();
        char[] tempCharArray = new char[len];
        char[] charArray = new char[len];

        // put original string in an
        // array of chars
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            tempCharArray[i] =
                    palindrome.charAt(i);
        }

        // reverse array of chars
        for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
            charArray[j] =
                    tempCharArray[len - 1 - j];
        }

        String reversePalindrome =
                new String(charArray);
        System.out.println(reversePalindrome);
    }

}
